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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(5): 1570-1574, oct. 2023. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521038

ABSTRACT

En la literatura actual se encuentra escasa información referente a la fóvea de la cabeza del fémur (fóvea de la cabeza del hueso fémur). Este estudio tuvo como propósito recolectar datos morfológicos y biométricos respecto a la fóvea de la cabeza del fémur y reconocer variaciones que podrían ser de utilidad en las diversas patologías de la región. Se utilizaron 46 huesos fémures humanos pertenecientes al Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. Para la medición de datos se utilizó material ad hoc y los datos fueron analizados el programa Excel y los softwares ImageJ e Image Pro Plus. La longitud promedio de los huesos fémures fue de 43,8 ± 2,9 cm; el ángulo de torsión del cuello fue de 23,0 ± 2,0°. En el 100 % de las muestras se observó una fóvea en el cuadrante posteroinferior de la cabeza del fémur. El área promedio de la fóvea de la cabeza del fémur fue de 1,51 ± 0,7 cm2. El perímetro fue de 4,72 ± 1,0 cm; la forma de la fóvea fue: 60,9% ovalada, 23,9% triangular y 15,2 % circular, teniendo como base la fórmula derivada del índice craneal, dejando la fórmula como feret mínimo/feret máximo, con el cual los valores mayores a 0,8 se clasificaban como circulares y los menores como ovalados. Conocer la ubicación de la fóvea de la cabeza del fémur adquiere implicancia médica, ya que una fóvea en posición anormalmente alta, en imágenes radiológicas, es un indicador de displasia pélvica. La importancia de las variaciones de la fóvea de la cabeza del fémur debe ser más investigadas para una correcta comprensión de las patologías que afectan a la cabeza femoral.


SUMMARY: In the current literature there is little information regarding the fovea for ligament of head of femur. The aim of this study was to collect morphological and biometric data regarding the fovea for ligament of head of femur and recognize variations that could be useful in the various pathologies of the region. Forty six human femur bones belonging to the Department of Basic Sciences of the University of La Frontera, Chile were used. For data measurement, ad hoc material was used and the data were analyzed with the Excel program and the ImageJ and Image Pro Plus software. The average length of the femur bones was 43.8 ± 2.9 cm; the neck torsion angle was 23.0 ± 2.0°. In 100% of the samples, a fovea was observed in the posteroinferior quadrant of the head of femur. The average area of the fovea for ligament of head of femur was 1.51 ± 0.7 cm3. The perimeter was 4.72 ± 1.0 cm; The shape of the fovea was: 60.9% oval, 23.9% triangular and 15.2% circular, based on the formula derived from the cranial index, leaving the formula as minimum feret/maximum feret, with which the values greater than 0.8 were classified as circular and those less as oval. Knowing the location of the fovea for ligament of head of femur acquires medical implications, since a fovea in an abnormally high position, in radiological images, is an indicator of pelvic dysplasia. The importance of variations in the fovea for ligament of head of femur must be further investigated for a correct understanding of the pathologies that affect the femoral head.


Subject(s)
Humans , Femur/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Femur Head/anatomy & histology , Anatomic Variation
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(1): 264-267, feb. 2023. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1430529

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The corporo-glans ligament is the ligament connecting the corpus cavernosum and the glans of the penis. The anatomical description of the corporo-glans ligaments shape is still uncertain, this knowledge affects penile reconstructive procedures. The anatomy of the corporo-glans ligament was analyzed and recorded via observing sagittal sections of 10 different penile P45 plastination sections. According to the P45 plastination sections, the corporo-glans junction displayed a fibrous tissue band connecting the distal ends of the two corpus cavernous (CC) with the glans penis (GP). The fibrous band was a round-obtuse shape and ran deep into the glans of the penis and occupied about 2/3 of the whole GP. The original end was laid in a socket embedded in the GP. The density of the fibers of the ligament at the original end close to the tunica albuginea was less than that of the other parts. The fibers originating from the tunica albuginea, directly extended to the blind end of the two CC, covering the distal end of the two CC.


El ligamento cuerpo cavernoso-glande es el ligamento que conecta el cuerpo cavernoso y el glande del pene. La descripción anatómica de la forma de los ligamentos cuerpo cavernoso -glande aún es incierta; este conocimiento afecta los procedimientos reconstructivos del pene. La anatomía del ligamento cuerpo cavernoso-glande se analizó y registró mediante la observación de 10 secciones sagitales diferentes del pene a través de plastinación P45. Según las secciones de plastinación, la unión cuerpo-glande mostraba una banda de tejido fibroso que conectaba los extremos distales de los dos cuerpos cavernosos con el glande del pene. La banda fibrosa tenía una forma redonda y obtusa y se adentraba profundamente en el glande del pene ocupando alrededor de 2/3 de él. En su origen se coloca en un espacio profundo en el glande del pene. La densidad de las fibras del ligamento cuerpo cavernoso-glande en su origen cercano a la túnica albugínea era menor que el de las otras partes. Las fibras que se originan en la túnica albugínea, se extienden directamente hasta el extremo ciego de los dos cuerpos cavernosos, cubriendo el extremo distal de estos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Penis/anatomy & histology , Plastination/methods , Ligaments/anatomy & histology
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 40(5): 1395-1399, 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1405303

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: Ocasionalmente la incisura escapular puede ser reemplazada por un foramen óseo producto de la osificación del ligamento transverso superior de la escápula. Esta formación ósea se considera un factor precipitante de la compresión del nervio supraescapular. Ciento noventa y cinco escápulas de individuos adultos pertenecientes a osteotecas de universidades de Colombia (114 escápulas) y de Chile (81 escápulas), fueron estudiadas macroscópicamente para determinar la presencia de un foramen escapular óseo. Ambas escápulas de un mismo individuo colombiano (1,75 % del total) presentaban el foramen escapular y una escápula izquierda (1,23 %) presentaba esta formación en un individuo chileno. La prevalencia de la osificación del ligamento transverso superior de la escápula es muy variable en los distintos estudios y tiende a situarse inferior al 10 %, sin embargo, puede constituirse en un factor de riesgo debido al atrapamiento o compresión del nervio supraescapular, hecho conocido como neuropatía supraescapular.


SUMMARY: Occasionally the scapular notch can be replaced by a bony foramen product of the ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament. This bone formation is considered a precipitating factor for compression of the suprascapular nerve. One hundred and ninety-five adult scapulae from Colombian (114 scapulae) and Chilean (81 scapulae) university osteotheques were studied macroscopically to determine the presence of a bony scapular foramen. Both scapulae of the same Colombian individual (1.75% of the total) presented the scapular foramen and one left scapula (1.23%) presented this formation in a Chilean individual. The prevalence of ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament is highly variable in the different studies and tends to be less than 10%; however, it can become a risk factor due to entrapment or compression of the suprascapular nerve, a fact known as suprascapular neuropathy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Scapula/pathology , Ossification, Heterotopic , Ligaments/pathology , Scapula/anatomy & histology , Chile , Colombia , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Nerve Compression Syndromes
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 40(2): 507-515, 2022. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385604

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The complete petrosphenoidal foramen, or canal, is an eventual and atavistic bony formation at the boundary between the posterior and middle cranial fossa, by occurrence of ossification of the superior petrosphenoidal ligament. This ligament ossification, which has important clinical and surgical significance, can be complete or incomplete, in variable degrees, and is associated with the passageway of neurovascular structures, such as the abducens nerve and the inferior petrosal sinus. This study, conducted with 175 dry skulls that belong to the University of São Paulo's collection (USP), São Paulo, Brazil, established criteria for a morphological classification of the incomplete petrosphenoid foramen in nine types. In addition, anatomical parameters were established for the morphometric determination of two diameters: the Oblique Diameter (ObDi) and the Maximum Transverse Diameter (MTD). Thus, of the 175 skulls, 146 (83.42 %) presented some of the incomplete forms of the petrosphenoid foramen, and 43 skulls (29.45 %), due to their conservation characteristics, were habilitated to the morphological study, in the classification and in the morphometry (the types I and II of our classification). The type II (incomplete foramen with bony projections of the petrosal tubercle, of the margin of the dorsum of the hypophyseal fossa or of the posterior clinoid process with a distance between them greater than 1mm) and type V (incomplete foramen with a bony projection only in one of the referential structures - posterior clinoid process) were the most common in this study (50 % of the 86 hemiskulls). Morphometry was attributed only to the types: I selar (incomplete foramen with bony projections from the petrosal tubercle and the margin of the dorsum of the hypophyseal fossa with a distance between them less than or equal to 1mm) and to the type II of this classification. The type I selar (9.3 % of the 43 skulls) resulted in an average of 3.25 mm of MTD and 4.63 mm, on average, of ObDi. The type II (25.58 % of the 43 skulls) showed, on average, 4.93 mm of MTD and 7.01 mm of ObDi.


RESUMEN: El foramen o canal petroesfenoidal completo es una formación ósea eventual y atávica en el límite entre las fosas craneal posterior y media, por osificación del ligamento petroesfenoidal superior. Esta osificación del ligamento, que tiene un importante significado clínico y quirúrgico, puede ser completa o incompleta, en grados variables, y está asociada al paso de estructuras neurovasculares, como el nervio abducente y el seno petroso inferior. Este estudio se realizó en 175 cráneos secos pertenecientes a la colección de la Universidad de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brasil. Se establecieron criterios para una clasificación morfológica del foramen petrosfenoidal incompleto en nueve tipos. Además, se establecieron parámetros anatómicos para la determinación morfométrica de dos diámetros: el Diámetro Oblicuo (ObDi) y el Diámetro Transversal Máximo (MTD). Así, de los 175 cráneos, 146 (83,42 %) presentaron alguna de las formas incompletas del foramen petrosfenoidal, y 43 cráneos (29,45 %), por sus características de conservación, fueron habilitados para el estudio morfológico, en la clasificación y en la morfometría (los tipos I y II de nuestra clasificación). El Tipo II (foramen incompleto con proyecciones óseas del tubérculo petroso, del margen del dorso de la fosa hipofisaria o del proceso clinoides posterior con una distancia entre ellos mayor de 1 mm) y el Tipo V (foramen incompleto con proyección ósea solamente en una de las estructuras referenciales - proceso clinoides posterior) fueron los más comunes en este estudio (50 % de los 86 hemiscráneos). La morfometría se atribuyó únicamente al Tipo I selar (foramen incompleto con proyecciones óseas desde el tubérculo petroso y el margen del dorso de la fosa hipofisaria con una distancia entre ellos menor o igual a 1mm) y al Tipo II de esta clasificación. El Tipo I selar (9,3 % de los 43 cráneos) resultó en un promedio de 3,25 mm de MTD y 4,63 mm, en promedio, de ObDi. El Tipo II (25,58 % de los 43 cráneos) mostró, en promedio, 4,93 mm de MTD y 7,01 mm de ObDi.


Subject(s)
Humans , Petrous Bone/anatomy & histology , Sphenoid Bone/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Brazil , Classification
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(1): 198-204, feb. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385332

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The Pterygospinous foramen and pterygoalar foramen (crotaphitico-buccinatorius) are variant and atavic formations of the skull base and arise respectively from complete or incomplete idiopathic ossifications of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligaments. By proximity with areas of relevance for diagnosis and surgery, such as access pathways to the parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces, it is necessary to be aware of these conditions due to the difficulties generated in surgical maneuvers and the promotion of compressive syndromes of mandibular nerve branches. This study was conducted on 45 samples of dry skulls and disarticulated sphenoid bones belonging to the collection of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares campus, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Our results indicated a total incidence of complete and incomplete pterygospinous and pterygoalar foramen (crotaphitico- buccinatorius) in 15, 5 % (7 skulls), with a higher incidence for the incomplete form of pterygospinous foramen (Civinini foramen) in 4 skulls (8.8 %), with 3 presenting unilaterally and 3 presenting bilaterally. The pterygoalar foramen (crotaphitico-buccinatorius or Hyrtl) was noted bilaterally in 1 of the skulls (2.2 %). The pterygospinous foramen and pterygoalar foramen are important findings, sometimes incidental, of an area of great anatomical expressiveness and pathological occurrences, besides the indispensable and unclear studies of phylogenetic order.


RESUMEN: El foramen pterigoespinoso y el foramen pterigoalar (crotafítico-buccinatorius) son formaciones variantes y atávicas de la base del cráneo y surgen respectivamente de osificaciones idiopáticas completas o incompletas, de los ligamentos pterigoespinoso y pterigoalar. Debido a la proximidad con áreas de relevancia para el diagnóstico y la cirugía, como las vías de acceso a los espacios parafaríngeo y retrofaríngeo, es necesario conocer estas condiciones por las dificultades que se generan en las maniobras quirúrgicas. Este estudio se realizó en 45 muestras de cráneos secos y huesos esfenoides desarticulados pertenecientes a la colección de la Universidad Federal de Juiz de Fora, campus Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Nuestros resultados indicaron una incidencia total de foramen pterigoespinoso y pterigoalar completo e incompleto (crotafítico-buccinatorius) en el 15,5 % (7 cráneos), con una mayor incidencia de la forma incompleta de foramen pterigoespinoso (agujero de Civinini) en 4 cráneos (8,8 %), con 3 de presentación unilateral y 3 de presentación bilateral. El foramen pterigoalar (crotaphitico-buccinatorius o Hyrtl) se observó bilateralmente en 1 de los cráneos (2,2 %). El foramen pterigoespinoso y pterigoalar son hallazgos importantes, a veces incidentales, de un área de gran expresividad anatómica y ocurrencias patológicas, además de los estudios indispensables y poco claros de orden filogenético.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sphenoid Bone/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Skull Base , Foramen Ovale/anatomy & histology
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(2): 472-476, abr. 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056464

ABSTRACT

El ligamento tibiofibular anterior suele presentar un fascículo distal independiente de la banda principal, denominado fascículo distal del ligamento tibiofibular anterior (FD-LTFA). Este discurre oblicuamente, cubriendo sus fibras más inferiores la zona anterolateral de la articulación talocrural. Su presencia se asocia a pellizcamiento del tobillo en esta zona, el cual puede producir un desgaste cartilaginoso de la cara anterolateral de la tróclea talar. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la presencia y biometría del FD-LTFA, y su relación con la troclea talar en tobillos de un grupo de individuos Chilenos. En este estudio se utilizaron 30 miembros inferiores de cadáveres de individuos adultos. Se evaluó en el fascículo distal: Ancho en la inserción tibial, ancho en la inserción fibular, longitud del margen superior, longitud del margen inferior y el espesor. Se determinó si había contacto talar por parte del FD-LTFA y se observó desgaste articular en la superficie del domo talar, a nivel de la región de contacto del mencionado ligamento. El FD-LTFA fue encontrado en un 76,7 % de los casos, su anchura a nivel del sitio de fijación tibial fue de 5,30 mm (± 1,4) y a nivel fibular 4,43 mm (± 0,85). En cuanto a su longitud en el margen superior fue de 14,26 mm (± 3,66) y a nivel del margen inferior fue de 16,74 mm (± 2,91). Su espesor fue de 2,1 mm (± 0,36). En las 23 muestras de tobillo con presencia del FD-LTFA, hubo contacto talar en el 100 % de los casos y desgaste articular en esta zona en 3 de ellas (13,04 %). Los datos biométricos aportados por este estudio complementarán el conocimiento anatómico del FD-LTFA en la población Chilena.


The anterior tibiofibular ligament usually presents an independent distal fascicle of the main band, denominated distal fascicle of the anterior tibiofibular ligament (DF-ATiFL). Which obliquely passes, covering its most inferior fiber to the anterolateral corner of the talocrural articulation. Its presence is associated with the anterolateral impingement of the ankle in this area, which can produce cartilage wear of the anterolateral surface of the talar trochlea. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence and biometry of DF-ATiFL and its relation with the talar trochlea on the ankles of a group of Chilean individuals. Thirty inferior members were used in this study, all from adult individuals. It was evaluated: Width of the tibial insertion, width of the fibular insertion, length of the top margin, length of the bottom margin, and the thickness. It was determined whether there was talar contact by the distal fascicle of the anterior tibiofibular ligament. Also, it was observed the articular wear on the surface of the talar dome, at the level of the contact region of the distal fascicle of the anterior tibiofibular ligament. The DFATiFL was found in 76.7 % of the cases, its width at the level of the place of tibial fixation was 5.30 mm (± 1.40), and at the fibular level 4.43 mm (± 0.85). Regarding its length on the top margin was 14.26 mm (± 3.66), and at the bottom, the margin level was 16.74 mm (± 2.91). Its thickness was 2.1 mm (± 0.36). In the 23 ankles samples with the presence of DF-ATiFL, there was talar contact in 100 % of the cases and articular wear in this area in 3 of them (13.04 %). The biometric data contributed by this study will supplement the anatomical knowledge of the distal fascicle of the anterior tibiofibular ligament on the Chilean population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tibia/anatomy & histology , Fibula/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Ankle/anatomy & histology , Talus/anatomy & histology
7.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 71(5): 1469-1476, set.-out. 2019. graf
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1038657

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to histologically evaluate the quality of tissue repair in equine suspensory ligament treated with two cell therapy protocols. All four limbs of six animals were operated simultaneously to remove a fragment in each ligament using a skin biopsy punch. Two days later, intralesional injections were performed using bone marrow mononuclear fraction (BM group), cultivated cells derived from adipose tissue (AT group), saline (positive control group), or no treatment (negative control group), in such way that each horse received all treatments. After sixty days biopsies were performed for histological analysis (H & E, Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red) and immunohistochemistry analysis (collagen type III). Histological findings (H & E and Masson's trichrome), birefringence intensity (through picrosirius) and collagen type III expression (through immunohistochemistry) were analyzed. Samples from treated groups had better birefringence intensity (P=0.007) and fiber alignment scores were superior compared to controls, though not statistically significant (P=0.08). Presence of inflammatory cells and intense staining for collagen type III occurred in all groups demonstrating an active healing process. In conclusion, both protocols resulted in improvement of tissue repair indicating their potential to be used as an adjuvant treatment of equine suspensory ligament disorders.(AU)


Este estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação histológica e imunoistoquímica do reparo do ligamento suspensório equino tratado com dois protocolos de terapia celular. Os quatro membros dos seis animais do experimento foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico em que um fragmento de cada ligamento foi retirado, utilizando-se punch de biópsia. Dois dias após o procedimento, aplicações intralesionais foram realizadas, por meio de aspirado de medula óssea (bone marrow-BM), células mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo (adipose tissue-AT), solução salina (positive control group-PC) ou controle (negative control-NC). Após 60 dias, biópsias foram retiradas da região de reparo dos ligamentos e foram submetidas à análise histológica (HE, tricrômio de Masson, picrosírius red) e imunoistoquímica (colágeno tipo III). Diferentes variáveis histológicas (HE e tricrômio de Masson), a intensidade de birrefringência das fibras colágenas (picrosírius red) e a expressão de colágeno tipo III foram avaliadas. Os grupos tratados apresentaram maior birrefringência (P=0,007) e alinhamento de fibras (P=0,08) comparados ao controle, para o qual o resultado não se mostrou estatisticamente significativo. Achados histológicos e imunoistoquímicos demonstraram um processo ativo de reparo tecidual em todos os grupos. Concluiu-se que os dois protocolos de terapia celular apresentaram melhora no reparo tecidual, demonstrando potencial terapêutico adjuvante no tratamento de afecções do ligamento suspensório equino.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods , Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/veterinary , Horses/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/chemistry , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
8.
J. oral res. (Impresa) ; 8(1): 82-90, feb. 28, 2019. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1145295

ABSTRACT

The Pterygospinous Ligament (PSL) extends from the Pterygospinous process of the lateral Pterygoid plate to the spine of the sphenoid bone. Sometimes, it may be ossified forming a bar of bone bounding the pterygospinous foramen to which mandibular nerve and its branches are variably related. Mandibular and chorda tympani nerves may get compressed depicting various clinical symptoms, which in turn depend upon dimensions of the foramen and grades of compression. Therefore, knowledge of the position and extent of ossification of PSL and its relation to the important structures in the deep infratemporal fossa is important for radiologists, neurologists, maxillofacial surgeons, dental surgeons and anesthesiologists during various anesthetic and surgical procedures.


El ligamento Pterigoespinoso (LP) se extiende desde el proceso Pterigoespinoso de la placa Pterigoideo lateral a la espina etmoidal del hueso esfenoides. A veces, se puede osificar formando un puente de hueso que une el foramen espinoso con el cual el nervio mandibular y sus ramas están relacionados de manera variable. Los nervios mandibulares y el cordón timpánico se pueden comprimir resultando en diversos síntomas clínicos, que a su vez dependen de las dimensiones del foramen y los grados de compresión. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento de la posición y el grado de osificación del ligamento pterigoespinoso y su relación con las estructuras importantes en la fosa infratemporal profunda es importante para radiólogos, neurólogos, cirujanos maxilofaciales, cirujanos dentales y anestesistas durante diversos procedimientos anestésicos y quirúrgicos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sphenoid Bone , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Mandibular Nerve , Bridge , Foramen Ovale , Infratemporal Fossa
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(1): 87-91, Mar. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893192

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is composed of bony structures, cartilage, capsule, articular disc, synovial membrane and ligaments. Some authors consider the "Tanaka ligament" described in the 1980s by Terry Tanaka as an intra-capsular ligament of the TMJ that unites medially the articular disc and mandibular fossa. The aim of the present study was to analyze the use of the term "Tanaka ligament" in the literature evaluating the scientific support of its existence. A literature review was carried out under the terms "Tanaka Ligament [AND] TMJ" and "Ligamento Tanaka [AND] ATM" (Spanish and Portuguese) in the search engines: MEDLINEPubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, LILACS-Bireme and SciELO. Scientific articles and theses were considered in English, Spanish and Portuguese. A total of 1,355 studies were found, summing up the results of all the search engines, of which 8 studies (5 articles and 3 theses) were selected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, selection by title, abstract and content. Most of these studies were discarded because they had contents related to the TMJ and/or ligaments wherein an author used the surname "Tanaka", that were not related to the Tanaka ligament. Among the 8 selected studies, 6 of them cite text books, 1 cites a video published by Terry Tanaka and 1 cites a thesis. Most of these textbooks cited also refer to videos by Terry Tanaka and his books. Moreover, most of the anatomical literature does not consider this ligament as an individualized structure. Although there are descriptions of Tanaka's ligament in textbooks, the scientific support of its existence is based only on videos and texts by Terry Tanaka. The dissemination of knowledge associated with this ligament must be cautious, as there is a need for further morphological and functional studies to confirm its existence.


RESUMEN: La articulación temporomandibular (TMJ) se compone de estructuras óseas, cartílago, cápsula, disco articular, membrana sinovial y ligamentos. Algunos autores consideran el "ligamento de Tanaka" descrito en los años 80 por Terry Tanaka como un ligamento intra-capsular de la ATM que une medialmente el disco articular y la fosa mandibular. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el uso del término "ligamento de Tanaka" en la literatura evaluando el soporte científico de su existencia. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura bajo los términos "Tanaka Ligament [AND] TMJ" y "Ligamento Tanaka [AND] ATM" (Español y Portugués) en los buscadores: MEDLINE-Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Académico, LILACS-Bireme y SciELO. Se consideraron artículos científicos y tesis en inglés, español y portugués. Se obtuvieron un total de 1.355 estudios, sumando los resultados de todos los motores de búsqueda, de los cuales se seleccionaron 8 estudios (5 artículos y 3 tesis) después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión y la selección por título, resumen y contenido. La mayoría de estos estudios fueron descartados porque tenían contenidos relacionados con la ATM y/o ligamentos cuyo autor tenía el apellido "Tanaka", que no estaba relacionado con el ligamento de Tanaka. Entre los 8 estudios seleccionados, 6 de ellos citan libros de texto, uno cita un video publicado por Terry Tanaka y otro cita una tesis. La mayoría de estos libros citados también se refieren a los videos de Terry Tanaka y sus libros. Además, la mayor parte de la literatura anatómica no considera este ligamento como una estructura individualizada. Aunque hay descripciones del ligamento de Tanaka en los libros de texto, el apoyo científico de su existencia se basa sólo en videos y textos de Terry Tanaka. La difusión del conocimiento asociado a este ligamento debe ser cautelosa, revelando la necesidad de más estudios morfológicos y funcionales para confirmar su existencia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Temporomandibular Joint/anatomy & histology
10.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 37(9): 995-1001, Sept. 2017. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-895521

ABSTRACT

A paca (Cuniculus paca), um dos maiores roedores da fauna brasileira, possui características inerentes à sua espécie que podem contribuir como uma nova opção de animal experimental; assim, considerando-se que há crescente busca por modelos experimentais apropriados para ortopedia e pesquisas cirúrgicas, foram analisados e descritos em detalhes a anatomia microscópica e ultraestrutural do joelho desse roedor. Os ligamentos colaterais são constituídos por feixes de fibras colágenas arranjadas paralelamente e com trajeto ondulado. Os fibroblastos formavam fileiras paralelas às fibras colágenas; quanto aos ligamentos colaterais, estes apresentaram citoplasma imperceptível à avaliação por microscopia de luz, entretanto, em análise ultraestrutural verificou-se vários prolongamentos citoplasmáticos. Microscopicamente, as estruturas presentes no joelho da paca assemelham-se às dos animais domésticos, roedores e lagomorfos.(AU)


Paca (Cuniculus paca), one of the largest rodent of the Brazilian fauna, has characteristics inherent to the species that can contribute as a new experimental animal; so, considering that there is a growing search for experimental models suitable for orthopedic and surgical research, it was analyzed and described in detail the microscopic and ultrastructural anatomy of the stifle in this rodent. The collateral ligaments are composed of bundles of collagen fibers arranged in parallel and in wavy path. Fibroblasts formed parallel rows to the collagen fibers; concerning the collateral ligaments, they presented imperceptible cytoplasm at light microscopy, but at ultrastructure analysis they presented several cytoplasmic processes. At the microscopic level, the stifle of paca resembles the domestic animals, rodents and lagomorphs.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Stifle/anatomy & histology , Stifle/ultrastructure , Cuniculidae/anatomy & histology , Meniscus/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Microscopy, Electron/veterinary , Models, Animal
11.
Int. j. morphol ; 34(3): 854-859, Sept. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828952

ABSTRACT

The adherence of the overlying tissues to the underlying structures in the face is maintained by the retaining ligaments. True retaining ligaments named orbital, zygomatic and mandibular ligaments are a series of fibrous bands that run from periosteum to the dermis. The tethering effect of true retaining ligaments must be released for achieving a satisfactory movement of facial skin and Superficial Muscular Aponeurotic System (SMAS) during facial rejuvenation procedures. The aim of this study was to define the location of the true retaining ligaments of the face and to discuss their usability as surgical landmarks. The study was made on ten hemi-faces of formaline-fixed cadavers. Dissections resembling face-lift procedures were applied and ligaments were determined. The distances of the ligaments to lateral canthus, tragus and commissure and to the lines from tragus to lateral canthus and commissure were measured. Correlations were investigated statistically. The distances of the zygomatic and mandibular ligaments from the tragus were 66.50±10.78 mm and 114.80±9.76 mm respectively. The distances of the zygomatic ligament from the commissure and the commissure tragus line were 56.30±8.94 mm and 28.40±5.19 mm respectively. The distances of zygomatic and mandibular ligaments from the tragus were strongly correlated with a ratio of 3/5 and there was a strong correlation between the distances of the zygomatic ligament from the commissure and commissure- tragus line with a ratio of 2. The results of this study elucidated the possibility of the use of the true retaining ligaments as surgical landmarks for facial surgery.


La adherencia de los tejidos que recubren a las estructuras subyacentes en la cara se mantiene por los ligamentos de retención. Los ligamentos de retención verdaderos llamados ligamentos orbitales, cigomático y mandibular son una serie de bandas fibrosas que se extienden desde el periostio a la dermis. El efecto de la inmovilización de los verdaderos ligamentos de retención debe ser liberado para lograr un movimiento satisfactorio de la piel del rostro y del SMAS durante los procedimientos de estiramiento facial. El objetivo fue definir la ubicación de los verdaderos ligamentos de retención de la cara para discutir su utilidad como puntos de referencia quirúrgicos. El estudio se realizó sobre diez hemi-caras de cadáveres, fijadas con formalina. Las disecciones se asemejaron a los procedimientos de estiramiento facial, se aplicaron y determinaron los ligamentos. Se midieron las distancias de los ligamentos al canto lateral, trago, comisura y a las líneas de trago a canto lateral y comisura. Las correlaciones fueron analizadas estadísticamente. Las distancias de los ligamentos cigomático y mandibular desde el trago fueron 66,50±10,78 mm y 114,80±9,76 mm, respectivamente. Las distancias del ligamento cigomático a la comisura y la línea de comisura al trago fueron 56,30±8,94 mm y 28,40±5,19 mm, respectivamente. Las distancias de los ligamentos cigomático y mandibular desde el trago estaban correlacionadas de forma importante con una relación de 3/5 y había una fuerte correlación entre las distancias del ligamento cigomático desde la línea de comisura y el trago - con una relación de 2. Los resultados de este estudio han dilucidado la posibilidad de la utilización de los verdaderos ligamentos de retención como puntos de referencia quirúrgicos para la cirugía facial.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anatomic Landmarks , Face/anatomy & histology , Facial Nerve/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Cadaver , Rejuvenation
12.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(4): 1361-1364, Dec. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-772322

ABSTRACT

La anatomía de la región inguinal está bien descrita y detallada en la literatura, pero existen algunas controversias vinculadas al ligamento reflejo y a su inserción medial. El objetivo fue analizar la inserción del ligamento inguinal reflejo del músculo oblicuo externo en la línea alba, mediante lo observado en disecciones cadavéricas. Se utilizaron 30 cadáveres formolizados, en los que el ligamento reflejo fue disecado hasta su inserción en la línea alba. Se encontró la presencia del ligamento inguinal reflejo en 25 (83,33%) casos, 16 (64%) hombres y 9 (36%) mujeres, de los cuales sólo en 2 (8%) casos se observó la inserción interdigitada del ligamento inguinal reflejo con el contralateral; y en 5 (16,67%) casos (3 mujeres y 2 hombres), se constató ausencia del mencionado ligamento. El ligamento reflejo fue identificado en la mayoría de nuestros ejemplares. Este ligamento contribuye a la formación de la pared posteromedial del anillo inguinal superficial, siendo importante la necesidad de su conocimiento anatómico para su aplicación en la reparación quirúrgica de hernias inguinales con colocación protésica por vía anterior.


Anatomy of the inguinal region is well described in literature, but there is lack of information related to the reflected ligament and a dichotomy regarding its medial insertion. The aim was to carry out an observational analysis, through dissections, of the insertion of the reflected ligament of the external oblique muscle at the linea alba. We used 30 formolized corpses were, on which the reflected ligament was dissected to its insertion into the linea alba. Of the 30 bodies, we found the reflected ligament in 25 (83.33%), being 16 male (64%) and 9 females (36%), but only in 2 of them (8%) its insertion interdigitated with the contralateral. In 5 (16.67%) cases, 3 female (60%) and 2 male (40%), the absence of that ligament was found. The reflected ligament was identified in most of our specimens. Being part of the posterior limit of the superficial inguinal ring, its anatomical knowledge is important for the surgical repair of inguinal hernias with prosthetic placement, using anterior access.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Abdominal Muscles/anatomy & histology , Inguinal Canal/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Cadaver
13.
Acta ortop. bras ; 23(1): 29-33, Jan-Feb/2015. tab, fig
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-735715

ABSTRACT

Objective: To perform a histological study describing the microstructure of the ligamentum teres of the hip, with special emphasis on the presence of nerve bundles. Our study aims to correlate the microstructure of the ligamentum teres with its postulated functions, allowing greater understanding of its role within the hip joint. Methods: Fresh specimens excised intra-operatively in 11 patients undergoing open hip procedures were preserved in formalin and sent to the laboratory for histological analysis by our collaborating pathologist. The specimens were sectioned and stained, and examined under the microscope to look at their microstructure. In addition, a novel staining technique was employed to detect neural elements within the individual specimens . Results: The ligamentum teres is composed predominantly of a connective tissue matrix of collagen fibers, fibrous and adipose tissue, with an overlying layer of investing synovium. In addition, there are blood vessels of various sizes surrounded by a layer of encircling fat. In all specimens examined, there were nerve bundles of various shapes and sizes, regardless of the age of the patient. Conclusion: The ligamentum teres has both mechanical and biological functions within the hip joint and should no longer be considered a developmental vestige. Where possible, any surgical procedures around the hip joint should aim to limit damage to this structure to minimize any potential loss of function. Level of Evidence Basic Science Study.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Round Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Hip , Hip Joint , Ligaments/anatomy & histology
14.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(4): 1289-1295, Dec. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734673

ABSTRACT

La Terminología Anatómica Internacional (TAI) es la consecuencia de siglos de trabajo científico tendientes a unificar los términos para denominar a las estructuras anatómicas del cuerpo humano y facilitar la comunicación entre la comunidad científica. Sin embargo, su uso en la literatura no se ha aplicado por completo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la bibliografía en relación a la correcta implementación de los términos referentes al ligamento estilomandibular y al rafe pterigomandibular. Se realizó una revisión en libros de anatomía y artículos científicos relacionados. Se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a los términos usados para referirse tanto al ligamento estilomandibular y al rafe pterigomandibular, como a las estructuras que sirven de origen e inserción a estos, al compararlos con los términos establecidos por la TAI en latín, inglés y español.


The Anatomical Terminology (TAI) is the result of centuries of scientific work to unify the terms referring to the anatomical structures of the human body and facilitate communication between the scientific community. However, its use in the literature has not been fully implemented. The objective of this research was to analyze the literature regarding the correct implementation of the terms relating to stylomandibular ligament and pterigomandibular raphe. A review was performed in anatomy text books and scientific articles. Differences in the terms used were found to describe both pterigomandibular ligament and stylomandibular raphe, and also to describe structures that serve as origin and insertion of these, when compared with the terms established by the TAI in Latin, English and Spanish.


Subject(s)
Humans , Temporomandibular Joint/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Terminology as Topic
15.
Int. j. morphol ; 31(1): 351-355, mar. 2013. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-676179

ABSTRACT

Literature related to the study of interspinous ligament in the lumbar region is sparse. Very few studies have elucidated the fibre orientation of this ligament at different lumbar levels. Male (19) and female (6) cadavers were dissected to expose the interspinous ligaments beneath all the lumbar vertebrae. Fibre attachments and directions were observed at all lumbar interspinous spaces. Thicknesses of the ligaments were measured at all levels. Interspinous ligament fibres were found to be oriented differently in the lumbar inter-spinous spaces. In the upper spaces the fibres were more horizontal. In the spaces beneath L3 and L4, fibres were curved and extended postero-superiorly. Fibres were thicker in the ligaments at the lower spaces in comparison to the upper ones. The mean thicknesses presented as: Upper (0.22 mm); Middle (0.37 mm) and L5-S1 (0.72 mm). Ligaments in the females were slightly thinner in comparison to the males. Fibres of inter-spinous ligaments were also found to attach to the inner aspects of the supraspinous ligament. Ligaments at L5-S1 junction were relatively vertical and stronger. None of the specimen demonstrated absence or cavitations of these ligaments except in a case with bi-laminar ligament at the L3-L4 level. The anatomy of the interspinous ligaments points to their probable role in graded restricting of acute flexion at the lumbar spine.


La literatura relacionada con el estudio del ligamento interespinoso en la región lumbar es escasa. Pocos estudios han permitido comprender la orientación de las fibras de este ligamento en diferentes niveles lumbares. Fueron disecados cadáveres de 19 hombres 6 y mujeres para exponer los ligamentos interespinosos debajo de las vértebras lumbares. La unión de las fibras y su dirección se observó en todos los espacios interespinosos lumbares. El grosor de los ligamentos se midieron en todos los niveles. Las fibras del ligamento interespinoso se encontró orientada de manera diferente en los espacios lumbares interespinosos. En los dos espacios superiores las fibras eran más horizontales. En los dos espacios centrales (por debajo de L3 y L4) las fibras se curvaban y extendían postero-superiormente. Las fibras eran más gruesas en los ligamentos de los espacios inferiores en comparación con los superiores. La media de espesor presentada por región fue: Alta (0,22 mm), Medio (0,37 mm) y L5-S1 (0,72 mm). Los ligamentos en mujeres fueron ligeramente más delgados. También se observó que las fibras de los ligamentos interespinosas se adhieren a las superficies internas del ligamento supraespinoso. La unión de los ligamentos en L5-S1 eran relativamente más verticales y robustas. En ningún caso se observó ausencia o cavitaciones de los ligamentos, excepto en un caso con ligamento bilaminar a nivel L3-L4. La anatomía de los ligamentos interespinosos señala su probable rol en la restricción de la flexión aguda en la columna lumbar.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Lumbar Vertebrae/anatomy & histology , Biomechanical Phenomena , Cadaver , Lumbosacral Region
16.
Rev. venez. cir. ortop. traumatol ; 45(2): 11-16, 2013. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1282577

ABSTRACT

El Síndrome de Túnel del carpo (STC) es una patología crónica e incapacitante, causa molestias nocturnas y adormecimiento en la distribución del nervio mediano y atrofia de los músculos de la masa tenar. James Paget, citó dos casos de compresión del nervio mediano de origen post-traumático. La base para el tratamiento del STC, ha sido la sección del ligamento anular del carpo, introducida desde 1913. Recientemente se han descrito técnicas de liberación endoscópica del STC, demostrando que son compatibles los resultados finales de la cirugía abierta y la endoscópica. El Objetivo es demostrar que la Técnica de Chow modificada por Lewicky, para la realización de la liberación endoscópica del túnel del carpo, es efectiva y segura para los pacientes con STC. Se realizaron 35 cirugías de pacientes, desde el año 2008 al 2012, 3 masculinos y 22 femeninos, 13 bilaterales, 6 derechos y 3 izquierdos. El mayor grupo estaba entre los 51 y 70 años lo que significaba el 56% de los casos, el paciente operado de mayor edad tenía 74 años el de menor edad de 40 años, con predominio del sexo femenino. Se revisó por escala analógica del dolor de 1 al 10 a los pacientes, antes de la cirugía referían el máximo dolor (10) y luego de la cirugía los pacientes no refirieron dolor. Se comprobó la eficacia de la Técnica de Chow, modificada por Lewicky. Es una cirugía segura, repetible en sus resultados y escasas complicaciones, con la posibilidad de integrarse en corto tiempo a las actividades(AU)


The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a chronic and disabling, cause nocturnal discomfort and numbness in the distribution of the median nerve and atrophy of the thenar muscle mass. James Paget, cited two cases of median nerve compression post-traumatic origin. The basis for the treatment of CTS, has been the section of the annular ligament of the carpus, introduced since 1913. Recently described endoscopic techniques STC release, demonstrating that support the final results of open surgery and endoscopy. The objective is to demonstrate that the modified Chow technique Lewicky, for performing endoscopic release of the carpal tunnel, is effective and safe for patients with STC. Surgeries were performed 35 patients from 2008 to 2012, 3 male and 22 female, 13 bilateral, 6 right and 3 izleft. The largest group was between 51 and 70 years which meant 56% of the cases, the older surgical patient was 74 years younger than 40 years with female predominance. Revised by analog pain scale of 1 to 10 patients before surgery maximum pain related (11) and after surgery patients reported no pain. We tested the effectiveness of Chow technique, modified by Lewicky. Surgery is safe, repeatable results and hassle free, with the ability to integrate in a short time to activitiesl(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/surgery , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Pain Measurement , Orthopedic Procedures , Endoscopy
17.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 39(5): 364-367, set.-out. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-656248

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estudar as relações anatômicas do nervo laríngeo recorrente (NLR) com o ligamento de Berry (LB), e assinalar as diferentes formas de apresentação das relações entre essas duas estruturas. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado a partir da dissecção cervical anterior de 22 cadáveres, nos anos de 2009 e 2010, com estabelecimento das frequências de apresentações anatômicas das relações entre o NLR e o ligamento de Berry, na seguinte categorização: Tipo I ou intraligamentar: o nervo e/ou seus ramos eram visualizados na substância conjuntiva do ligamento; Tipo IIA ou lateral: nervo e/ou seus ramos apresentavam-se laterais ao ligamento; Tipo IIB ou lateral justaligamentar: nervo e/ou seus ramos estavam laterais e em contato com o ligamento, sem penetrá-lo; Tipo III ou medial: nervo e/ou seus ramos eram visualizados após a dissecção completa do ligamento em direção látero-medial. RESULTADOS: O estudo analisou 41 NLR, sendo: oito (19,5%) do Tipo I; 20 (48,8%) do Tipo IIA; cinco (12,2%) Tipo IIB e oito (19,5%) do Tipo III. Dos 19 (86,3%) NLR dissecados bilateralmente no mesmo cadáver, 11 (57,8%) eram discordantes em relação ao outro lado do pescoço quanto à classificação. CONCLUSÃO: Pela sua proximidade com o NLR e pelas variáveis anatômicas dessa topografia, o ligamento de Berry não deve ser considerado um parâmetro seguro para reparo e preservação do nervo laríngeo recorrente, não sendo recomendada a dissecção indiscriminada látero-medial do ligamento, sem a visualização direta do nervo.


OBJECTIVE: To study the anatomical relations of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) with the ligament of Berry (LB), and point out the different ways of presenting the relationship between these two structures. METHODS: We conducted a study with anterior cervical dissection of 22 corpses, in the years 2009 and 2010, with attention towards the frequency of presentation of anatomical relations between the NLR and Berry ligament, with the following classification: Type I or intraligamentary: the nerve and / or its branches were visualized in the ligament substance conjunctiva; Type IIA or lateral: nerve and / or its branches lateral to the ligament; Type IIB or lateral paraligamentary: nerve and / or its side branches and in contact with the ligament without penetrating it; Type III or medial: nerve and / or its branches visualized after complete dissection of the ligament, in lateral-medial position. RESULTS: The study analyzed 41 RLNs, which comprised eight (19.5%) of type I, 20 (48.8%) Type II, five (12.2%) Type IIB and eight (19.5%) type III. Of the 19 (86.3%) RLNs dissected bilaterally in the same cadaver, 11 (57.8%) displayed a classification in one side of the neck different from the one of the other side. CONCLUSION: Due to its proximity to the RLN and the anatomical variability, the Berry ligament should not be considered a reliable parameter for repair and preservation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Hence, the indiscriminate latero-medial dissection of the ligament is not recommended without direct visualization of the nerve.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Dissection , Thyroid Gland
18.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(1): 162-169, mar. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-638779

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to perform a descriptive study of the morphology, anatomical variations and morphometry of medial talocrural (or deltoid) ligament. We dissected 27 lower limbs obtained from amputations without histories of age, sex or disease. The measurements were made with a caliper, compass and ruler, expressing the results in millimeters. We described the superficial layer morphology of the medial ligament, measuring the size and ligament's thickness. For the deep layer we described and measured the length (l), width (w) and thickness (t). Results: Superficial layer: trapezoid form=66.7 percent (anterior margin=30.5 mm; posterior margin=27.6 mm; top margin=22.6 mm; bottom margin=50.5 mm), rectangular form=19 percent (anterior margin=19.3 mm; posterior margin=27.2 mm; top margin=24.4 mm; bottom margin=29.8 mm), triangular form=14.3 percent (anterior margin=37 mm; posterior margin=37.8 mm; bottom margin=48.3 mm). The average thickness of the superficial layer was 3.6 mm. Deep layer of the medial ligament: l=6.9 mm, w=11 mm, t=5.7 mm; presented rectangular form in 100 percent. In 76.2 percent of the specimens, the deep layer was covered completely by the superficial layer; however, in 23.8 percent the coverage is incomplete, showing the deep layer by posterior angle. The literature is contradictory regarding the anatomy and variations of the medial ligament of the ankle. There are important differences in morphology, attachments, subdivisions and relationships between the two layers of the deltoid ligament. Conclusions: We found significant anatomical variations in the morphology and the relationship between the superficial and deep layers of the deltoid ligament.


El objetivo fue realizar un estudio descriptivo de la morfología, variaciones anatómicas y la morfometría del ligamento talocrural medial (o deltoídeo). Se disecaron 27 miembros inferiores obtenidos de amputaciones sin antecedentes de edad, sexo, ni morbilidad. Las mediciones se realizaron con un pie de metro, regla y compás, expresando los resultados en milímetros. Se describió la morfología del ligamento medial en su capa superficial, midiendo el tamaño y grosor del ligamento. Para la capa profunda se describió y midió la longitud (l), ancho (a) y espesor (e). Resultados: En la capa superficial se observó: forma trapezoidal = 66,7 por ciento (margen anterior = 30,5 mm; margen posterior = 27,6 mm; margen superior = 22,6 mm; margen inferior = 50,5 mm), forma rectangular= 19 por ciento (margen anterior = 19,3 mm; margen posterior = 27,2 mm, margen superior = 24,4 mm; margen inferior = 29,8 mm), forma triangular = 14,3 por ciento (margen anterior=37 mm, margen posterior = 37,8 mm; margen inferior = 48,3 mm). El espesor promedio de la capa superficial fue de 3,6 mm. La capa profunda del ligamento medial: l = 6.9 mm, a = 11 mm, e = 5,7 mm, presentó forma rectangular en el 100 por ciento de los casos. En el 76,2 por ciento de las muestras, la capa profunda estaba completamente cubierta por la capa superficial, sin embargo, en 23,8 por ciento la cobertura fue incompleta, mostrando la capa profunda por el ángulo posterior. La literatura es contradictoria respecto a la anatomía y variaciones del ligamento medial del tobillo. Existen importantes diferencias en su morfología, inserciones, subdivisiones y las relaciones entre las dos capas del ligamento deltoídeo. Conclusiones: Se encontraron importantes variaciones anatómicas en la morfología y la relación entre las capas superficial y profunda del ligamento deltoídeo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Lateral Ligament, Ankle/anatomy & histology , Lateral Ligament, Ankle/innervation , Lateral Ligament, Ankle/blood supply , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Ligaments/innervation , Deltoid Muscle/anatomy & histology
19.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 28(2): 137-139, Apr.-June 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-644142

ABSTRACT

A case of ossification of the right styloid ligament in an adult human caucasian skull was verified duringroutine activities of the Laboratory of Human Anatomy at the University of Santa Cruz do Sul - Brazil. Thisstudy presents its clinical considerations and applications. The presence of other anatomical variations was notverified.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Skull/anatomy & histology , Skull/abnormalities , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Osteogenesis/physiology , Ligaments/abnormalities , Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
20.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 28(1): 69-71, Jan.-Mar. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-644129

ABSTRACT

The ossified pterygoalar ligament is formed between the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process and theinfratemporal surface of the sphenoid bone or its greater wing and was not connected to the sphenoid spine.The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament in Brazilian humanskulls and analyzing its clinical importance. 183 Brazilian adult (between 30 to 60 years old) dry human skullswere evaluated. Was evaluated the incidence of skulls with complete or partial ossification of the pterygoalarligament, bilaterally and unilaterally and in the presence on the right and left sides. Were found 5 skulls had theossified pterygoalar ligament, resulting in an overall incidence of 2.73%. There was 1 skull in the presence ofthe incomplete ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, unilaterally and on the left side resulting in incidence of0.54%. There were 4 skulls in the presence of the complete ossification of the pterygoalar ligament, unilaterallyand on the right side resulting in incidence of 2.18%. The ossified pterygoalar ligament is a major cause of theentrapment of the lingual nerve or a branch of the mandibular nerve and may cause mandibular neuralgia. Theincidence of the ossified pterygoalar ligament and the pterygoalar foramen is low in the Brazilian population.However, these structures have clinical significance as this ligament establish relationships with the ovaleforamen and difficulty in accessing in this foramen in a therapeutic approach.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Ligaments, Articular , Ligaments/anatomy & histology , Muscle Development , Facial Bones/anatomy & histology , Facial Bones/physiology , Pterygoid Muscles , Brazil , Incidence
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